Unique values

3 snippets across 2 stacks — Python, SQL

PYPython

Creating Sets

syntax

s = {val1, val2, ...}
s = set(iterable)

example

tags = {"python", "tutorial", "beginner"}
from_list = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3])
print(from_list)

empty_set = set()
print(type(empty_set))

output

{1, 2, 3}
<class 'set'>

Note Use set() for an empty set, NOT {}. Empty braces {} create an empty dictionary, not a set.

Set Comprehensions

PY · Tuples & Sets

syntax

{expression for item in iterable if condition}

example

emails = ["[email protected]", "[email protected]", "[email protected]", "[email protected]"]
unique_lower = {e.lower() for e in emails}
print(unique_lower)

output

{'[email protected]', '[email protected]', '[email protected]'}

Note Set comprehensions automatically deduplicate results. Useful for extracting unique transformed values from a collection.

SQLSQL

DISTINCT

SQL · Basic Queries

syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column FROM table;

example

SELECT DISTINCT city
FROM users
ORDER BY city;

output

-- Returns each city only once, no duplicates

Note DISTINCT applies to the entire row when used with multiple columns. SELECT DISTINCT city, state treats (city, state) pairs as the unit of uniqueness.